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روان شناسی و مشاوره::
مشغولیت تحصیلی
Focusing on students' academic engagement and achievement behaviors from seventh to eighth grade, Cook, Deng, and Morgano (2007) demonstrated that stu- dents with friends who obtain higher grades and do not misbehave are less frequently absent and obtain higher grades themselves.
Kindermann (2007) examined the role of peer groups in academic engagement from the beginning to the end of sixth grade.
Thus, the association between supportive friends and academic engagement is likely to be reciprocal.
Examining the association between bullying experiences and teacher-rated academic engagement among middle school students, Juvonen, Wang, and Espinoza (2011) found that bullied students are rated by their teachers as less engaged and obtain lower grades at each grade of middle school.
Correlat- ing peer nominations assessing academic engagement (who works hard and does well in school?)
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